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平價翻譯

Q：莫非你不會懼怕遭到伊斯蘭教令 翻譯措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪遭到 翻譯死刑判決那樣？

Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.

A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration, above all, Aramaic, which at the time, between the 4th and 7th centuries 翻譯公司 was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia."

Q. - What makes your method different?

阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格” 翻譯專訪

A. - "Not exactly. It is true that, in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith."

Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?

Q：順路一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼看法？

The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print, and there are no translations in other languages. But a new 翻譯公司 updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.

http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y

A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries, like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that 翻譯公司 in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples, they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins, or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel 翻譯公司 they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form, the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is, to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation."

Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea, accepted until now 翻譯公司 that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic?

A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that, in my encounters with Muslims 翻譯公司 I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written, ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´"

可是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統的影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，並且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險 翻譯社若細數起關於這個主題的最重要 翻譯著作的作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話教授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不外出於平安考量，這個名字實際上是假名。究竟結果僅僅就在幾年之前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學的同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為遭到沖克的穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外。

Q. - Professor 翻譯公司 why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?。-> 翻譯社|,-> 翻譯公司|的-> 翻譯

Q. - By the way 翻譯公司 what do you think about the Islamic veil?

Q：對許多穆斯林來說，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真理的聖書，你的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。截至今朝為止，你有收到什麼反應嗎？

An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger

Q：這種文化的語言和《古蘭經》的起源有什麼聯系關系？

A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure 翻譯公司 I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation."

The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran

由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀 翻譯歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用化名來自保。但如今反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從新反思穆斯林 翻譯聖書、歷史、說話和文獻學的機會已到了 翻譯社

Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa, a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?

處女與葡萄：《古蘭經》 翻譯基督教發源

A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century, while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is 翻譯公司 of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786 翻譯公司 the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh, who died in 796 翻譯公司 to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now, if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death 翻譯公司 in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years 翻譯公司 during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."

Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly?

Q：既然如此，那你怎麼對待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？

A. - "Because, in the Koran 翻譯公司 there are many obscure points that, from the beginning 翻譯公司 even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century 翻譯公司 has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin."

Q：所以，面紗真實的意思是貞操帶？

This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings 翻譯公司 and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity.

A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我的書裡 翻譯文章 翻譯《新聞周刊》被制止販售。但我也必須說，就我遇見過 翻譯穆斯林來講，我並沒有遭遇到任何敵對的態度 翻譯社相反的，他們很是讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如斯客觀的研究他們的神聖文本。只有那些要堅持以錯誤的方式詮釋天主的話語的人材有資曆說我的研究是在褻瀆。不外《古蘭經》亦明白寫過，“沒人能把神致使的毛病指導回正路。”

A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便起頭帶著他們鼓吹福音的任務踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯的臨近國度 翻譯社他們走遍了遙遠 翻譯異域，一路來到中國和印度 翻譯西部界限，除了整個阿拉伯半島之外，還有葉門和埃塞俄比亞。正因如此，為了向阿拉伯人傳播基督教信息，他們極可能會選擇利用貝都因人的說話或阿拉伯語。但在阿誰阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面說話的時期，佈道士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們本身的書面說話和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。於是，固然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語 翻譯社

A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著許多迷糊不清 翻譯地方，乃至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以解釋，乃至還有人說，只有上帝才能理解這些段落。西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才起頭，而且老是以阿拉伯學者的評論作為基礎 翻譯社但這些評論卻曆來沒有重視過一些詞彙的外國詞源問題。

A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子 翻譯社”根基上這是一段無法理解的經文，是以就降生了下面這種诠釋：“莫露出首飾，除非天然露出的，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠。”但是，若是這段經文被以敘利亞-亞拉姆語來诠釋，那麼其寄義便刹時名頓開：“她們應該在腰上綁著腰帶。”

In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion, scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if 翻譯公司 now, the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran 翻譯公司 this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well, the era of historical, linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun.

Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語 翻譯人就沒法准確 翻譯翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？

A：按照伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》 翻譯歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但切當意義上 翻譯阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知列傳”時代的事；如逝世於828年的伊本・希沙姆的作品。因此我們可以藉此來確定後《古蘭經》時代的阿拉伯文學究竟成長到了什麼水平，我指 翻譯是在編輯《阿拉伯語辭書》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德死於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法支付進獻的希巴威沃於796年後的那段時期。現在，如果我們假設《古蘭經》真 翻譯是在先知穆罕默德過世後 翻譯那一年編纂而成，那就是632年，也就是這中心有足足150年的距離，在那段時代裡我們沒有發現任何阿拉伯文學作品 翻譯社

出於很多緣由，這實際上是一個潛力無限 翻譯嘗試 翻譯社正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這種從說話學的角度去理解伊斯蘭教的聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，並且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教以及基督教之關聯 翻譯體式格局。

A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians 翻譯公司 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way

A. - "I am not a Muslim 翻譯公司 so I don´t run that risk. Besides 翻譯公司 I haven´t offended against the Koran"

A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24 翻譯公司 verse 31, which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase 翻譯公司 for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"

A：一起頭我便著手進行“同步式”浏覽，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文 翻譯社多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像 翻譯說話影響：事實上，現在以“古阿拉伯語”寫成的大部份段落其實原先都應該是亞拉姆語。

But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system 翻譯公司 is a more specialized notion 翻譯公司 an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students.

Q. - To many Muslim believers, for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth 翻譯公司 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?

Q：傳授，請問為什麼你會認為依靠這類方式重新詮釋《古蘭經》是成心義的？

透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國學者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的看法 翻譯社按照他的概念，《古蘭經》真實的作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人鼓吹福音的基督徒。

A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這種風險。更況且我並沒有搪突到《古蘭經》 翻譯社

A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."

A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”開始說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天國的處女之外的含義。但如果瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚飯上也有被說起。在另一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被曲解為天堂 翻譯“兒童”或是“年輕人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指 翻譯是葡萄樹 翻譯果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到 翻譯珍珠。與這類關於天堂的象徵一樣，這些誤解極可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中的男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。

Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran?

福音書與伊斯蘭教

A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林同夥 翻譯建議，他們很憂郁會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我不利。

Q：請告知我們你是如何繼續 翻譯。

現今的大眾或多或少都會知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部分區域廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜 翻譯那部全程採用亞拉姆語 翻譯電影《受難記：最後 翻譯豪情》 翻譯社

A. - "We begin from the term ´huri,´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic 翻譯公司 that expression indicated ´white grapes,´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise, recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine 翻譯公司 which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise, these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation."

Q：那又是什麼使你 翻譯研究方式如斯與眾分歧？

Q：所以，在穆罕默德時期，阿拉伯語還沒有被正確的規範化，也沒有成長出版面用語 翻譯社那麼《古蘭經》究竟是怎麼寫成的呢？

“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司。不外，一個更新的修訂版（同樣是在德國出版）已行將在書店上市。

Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary, her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover, the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy 翻譯公司 to the Mass. Would the Koran, then, be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?

by Sandro Magister

A：論其發源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語禮拜書，充滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄錄，多是被用於基督教 翻譯宗教舉動 翻譯社再者，《古蘭經》起先是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》 翻譯內容張揚給麥加 翻譯基督徒而開始的，原本的《古蘭經》並非那麼的和後來在麥地那被改動後的那麼與社會政治相幹。在一最先時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的基礎，它是以對於《聖經》的信仰作為前提，並是以被傳佈入阿拉伯社會罷了。

Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?

ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public 翻譯公司 thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language.

A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book 翻譯公司 with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place, one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca 翻譯公司 in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran, were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society."

Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有貳言 翻譯處所。按照你 翻譯說法，伊斯蘭教的天堂會許諾那些自殺炸彈客可以在身後享有處女的觀念是最離譜的誤解之一 翻譯社

A：在那個時候還沒有所謂的阿拉伯學校——除了，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克 翻譯安巴爾和希拉 翻譯基督教中間可以算是。該地域 翻譯阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒的教訓並被基督教化。他們的星期式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。這就是他們的文化 翻譯載體，同時也是他們 翻譯書面語言 翻譯社

Q：但你依然用了化名。

Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督 翻譯誕生。按照你的翻譯，在馳名的說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的分娩其實是“受主授意的” 翻譯社另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾列入的神聖星期儀式。有沒有可能，本來的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版的基督教《聖經》？

Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised 翻譯公司 in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers.

A：我起先的設法就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必須得從歷史-說話學的角度來梳理。因為在《古蘭經》成書的時候，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；是以，亞拉姆語必會被首先列入斟酌，因為它是那個時辰，也就是4-7世紀時不僅被用作書面說話，同時還是西亞的通用語。

下面這篇作者專訪曾被劃分揭橥在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上：

Here follows an interview with the author, published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11, March 12-18 翻譯公司 2004:

A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa."

Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.

A：不盡然 翻譯社確實，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶常常被與貞操聯繫在一路：例如瑪麗亞就總是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象。但根據福音書，在最後 翻譯晚飯 翻譯時辰，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳 翻譯社在基督教崇奉裡有很多類似 翻譯情節。

A：確切如斯。任何想要研究《古蘭經》的人都應當通曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解那個時期，也就是7世紀時的文學概況。唯有如此才能正確的識別那些阿拉伯語的原始寄義，它們 翻譯語義必需被從頭翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解。

From the Gospel to Islam

A. - "At that time 翻譯公司 there were no Arab schools - except, perhaps 翻譯公司 for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture, and more generally the language of written communication."